Thursday 22 July 2010

Something Borrowed

After receiving an email concerning plagiarism from Peter, I thought about the article I read last mouth related to this topic. A few people have to leave their employment and even worse they are accused of a certain crime, theft since they copy other’s words. This is not different than stealing. This article, however, does not focus on how serious punishment of plagiarism is under the intellectual property law. It shows a different perspective of plagiarism that people may be too obsessed with it and therefore this limit creativity.

The main part of this article is that Gladwell and his friend’s writing was plagiarised by the play, named Frozen, but both of them have a totally different reaction towards such crime. His friend thinks that she would sue a person who did it, whereas Gladwell who feels upset at the very first place decided not to resort to legal action. Conversely, he feels pride that his writing has become a part of magnum opus. Moreover, he cites the Stanford law professor Lawrence Lessig from the book, called Free Culture: the line drawn between private interests and public interests in intellectual property should be in the fine line that protects from copying but not too limits the mutual benefits. Regarding literature, people never accept copying at any case. Frozen uses Gladwell’s description of his friend’s work and “the outline of his friend’s work as main storyline to create the play and that should be the way creativity works as Gladwell claims that “old words in the service of a new idea aren’t the problem” and “What inhibits creativity is new word in the service of an old idea”. Although his career as a journalist makes e him to focus on plagiarism, he thinks that every phrase and word has been used more than once were he to search back to the body of English literature. People have just lost track from which the idea originated. He concludes that “the final dishonesty of the plagiarism fundamentalists is to encourage us to pretend that these chains of influence and evolution do not exist and that a writer’s words have a virgin birth and an eternal life”

First of all, I am, as always, impressed by Gladwell’s nature of storytelling skills. This makes me as a reader understand some difficult ideas clearly, which allows me to keep reading his articles.

Secondly, although plagiarism is considered as a crime, people can be trapped by this idea and discourage the creativity or innovation. Considering the fact that there are many songs that use the same order of notes but may be different rhythm or pitch and this certainly would not call copying since there are eighth notes in one octave. Composers seem to be limited by the choices if they are too concerned about bleaching the intellectual property. Sometimes they combine a good sound from many pieces of other composers, which listeners will hardly notice if they are not told.

Last but not least, I do not mean that we as students should ignore the importance of plagiarism while conducting research. It would be no harm in fact is a MUST to give someone the credit if we use other ideas.


References

Gladwell, M. (2009). should a charge of plagiarism ruin your life? What the Dog saw. New York: Penguin

Monday 19 July 2010

Making Monkeys of us All

When I got back this afternoon, I had intended to post a few questions arising from Stuart's lecture. And then I saw "Moral Camouflage or Moral Monkeys?" freshly published in the NY Times.

In his essay, Peter Railton addresses exactly the issues that I thought most interesting as Stuart was speaking. He notes a couple of standard responses that Darwinian evolutionary theory prompts with regard to human morality, and shows that things are not quite so simple, neatly bringing out where I think Stuart went wrong in asserting that human altruism was either impossible or impossible to prove. And as is so often the case, definitions and how the terms are understood is crucial. Of course, Stuart's view as presented in the lecture was necessarily much simplified to fit into a short period, and further constrained by the need to be at least reasonably understandable by my level 2 listening and speaking students. Nonetheless, I do have a fundamental disagreement with Stuart's view, inclining more to the analysis of what's going on and what it means for human morality put forward by Railton. Although it is true that the scientific theory of evolution fully and completely explains the origin of all (and I do mean all) human morality, art, religion, spirituality, architecture, science and everything else, I do not think that that undermines the reality of those things. We can also explain why 2+2=4, but that does not affect the truth of the result. No more does the fact that we have a very solid biological theory explaining how we and all our creations came to be mean that those creations are less real. Love is still love even if we know what brain states cause it and what social interactions typically cause those brain states. And altruism is still real even if evolutionary theory fully explains how it came to exist amongst us, who inherited it from our primate ancestors, and who have since greatly improved on it.

But what do you think? Is altruism real? Is there anything more to morality than blind evolution mindlessly churning it out along with music, magic, myth and morality?

It was a happy coincidence that this particular article was published in today's Stone.
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References
Railton, P. (2010, July 18). Moral camouflage or moral monkeys? The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2010 from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/moral-camouflage-or-moral-monkeys/?emc=eta1

The real secret of Mona Lisa


This time, absolutely, is not about her famous enigmatic smile. Beyond art historians' expectation, there is a finding that everyone has never expected. Something surprising that we should be worried about her, instead. As I skimmed through the introductory part of the article, a pair of word caught my attention with much of curiosity. The word "Mona Lisa" and "choresterol" are obviously in the same article. How possible it could happen? I was unsure then which category of the information I was facing with: artistic or medical journal. After I had finished reading the article "The medical secret behind Mona Lisa's smile?" , I found the link between the two word and resolve the puzzle.
According to the recent medical examinations, Dr Vito Franco presented that Mona Lisa risks to have the problem of high choresterol level in her body. From the painting, he told that "there seems to be a lipoma, or benign fatty-tissue tumour, in her right eye"(2010, ¶3). This is the evidence why he thinks she has excessive fatty acids that is caused by the fondness of eating greasy food. From his point of view, apart from the purpose of entertaining, he believes that the people in artistic work also demonstrate physical conditions. He also diagnosed the painting of the artist Michelangelo and found that his swollen knees shows the sign of having too much uric acid and his possible suffering from renal calculosis.
Some thoughts are raised in my mind according to the matter of the news:
- First, it is an excellent verification that there is no perfection existing in the world. Despite being accepted as a masterpiece of the art work, she still has a significant blemish hiding under her skin. What is left for normal human beings, like us? How could we plausibly overcome the production of imagination?

- Secondly, I am pleased to know that people from different fields of study pay much attention to the realm of art. Whereas she is a model for artists, she can become a patient in the view of the doctor. Perhaps, this is an interesting charm of modern era at which perceptions continue expanding, the explanation of things is endless and the aspect of notion is multiplied. In other words, the word impossible is going to be impossible from now on.

- Finally, in my point of view, the finding is considered as another kind of integration. It attempted to combine two completely different areas of knowledge and puts them in the same equation. It is brand new but, nonetheless, worth knowing. Hope one day these sorts of integrations will become sophisticated network that provide us answers for everything.
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References

The medical secret behind Mona Lisa's smile?. (2010, January 06). BBC News. Retreived July 19,2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8444202.stm

Saturday 17 July 2010

A type of marriage


Marriage is a start of new life. Everyone wants to marry their lover, but if the lover is the same-sex person as you, it can be problem. Many countries haven't allowed same-sex couples to marry. what do you think about it? Should it be legalized?


According to this article, Argentina legalized gay marriage, and there are more countries where have legalized it already in the picture. There are lots of arguments about gay marriage; for example, Ines Frank said that "the essence of a family is between two people of opposite sexes, and it's not discrimination" (¶. 3). The legislation passed by 33 votes to 27 with three abstentions, so Argentina became the first country to legalize gay marriage.



According to my dictionary, marriage is the legal relationship between a husband and wife, it's not wrong but not the best definition for me. The best one is that marriage is the legal relationship between lovers. Love is not only between a man and woman, but it also can be a man and man, or a woman and woman.

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References
Argentine Senate backs bill legalizing gay marriage. (2010, July 15) BBC News. Retrieved July 16, 2010 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10630683

Wednesday 14 July 2010

Sex Ed in School

When do you think is an appropriate time for children to learn human sexuality? What should be include and exclude in sex ed? How are teachers going to deliver those curriculums? A lot of questions have arisen after I read the article “Montana Parents Weigh In on Proposed Kindergarten Sex Ed” (2010) in FoxNews.

In the article, the proposed K-12 Health Enhancement Comprehensive Curriculum now became controversial issue in Helena, Montana. The curriculum plan, according to the proposal, is to provide sex education beginning from kindergarten to grade 12. For example, 5-year-old kids will be taught medical terms for both male and female private parts. The first grade children will learn that sexual relations can be occurred between same-sex couples. When students are 10-year-old, they will be educated in variation of sexual intercourse including vaginal, oral, and anal penetration.


I think this school curriculum is absurd and has gone too far. Why do we need to teach young innocent children to be able to understand human sexuality? Will it be necessary to teach all sexual material to children, if the purpose is to inform the dangers of HIV, for instance? Additionally, I think it is inappropriate to educate little children about sexuality before they are ready because it might arouse their curiosity earlier which might be dangerous. What is the purpose to teach different sexual variations to 10-year-olds?

Montana parents weigh in on proposed kindergarten sex ed. (2010, July 14). FoxNews. Retrieved July 14, 2010 from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/07/14/montana-kindergarten-sex-ed/

Are you serious ?


In modern times, many students and employers have to rush to their school or their workplace early in the morning after their late night work. As a result, they often forget to stifle their hunger by skipping breakfast which is an unhealthy habit. This can have a negative effect on their health both in short and long terms. Because of this given common health problems, some marketers who work in the food industry have come up with the interesting solution.

According to the article by Megan Bedard, there is new product that can make people’s lives much more convenient. This is known as the Candwich, which is a normal sandwich putting in a can. It will help ease the hunger not only for people who have hectic schedule but also for campers or hikers. So far, the Candwich has three flavours: peanut butter and strawberry jam, peanut butter and grape jam, and barbecue chicken. Besides, apart from its claim of delicious taste, Candwich can be kept without using a refrigerator. Bedard, however, suspects its possibility of harmful adulteration that keep the sandwich fresh.

This innovative product is may be practical and beneficial for many people, but there is a serious concern about the quality of food. The initiative purpose of this convenient package should focus on the nutrition needed for the body to function well the rest of the day after people consume it. This, I am of the opinion, is a challenging factor that many food companies should balance both the quality and the convenience. Otherwise, the intake of this promising product may do harm instead of benefiting people’s health.

References

Megan, B. Take part. Retrieved July 14, 2010 from http://www.takepart.com/news/2010/07/12/sandwich-in-a-can-the-candwich

Who want to test GMAT, please hurry up

I've just found some news that very important to people who expect to study master degree in business field, and not yet take GMAT exam (such as Mr.A). "GMAC, the organization behind the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) has announced that the test will gain an extra section, titled Integrated Reasoning." (¶1). That's why I think it would be better if I let you know this news as soon as I can. So, now you can prepare yourself for take GMAT exam, or accept additional section in your test.

for more information please go to "GMAC announces major change to GMAT exam"

P.S. This is not respond writing. Please do not blame me about the very short of my paragraph. I just want to share what I've just read.
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References
Burns, R. "GMAC announces major change to GMAT exam" (2010, June, 29). Top MBA, retrieve 2010 July 14 from http://www.topmba.com/articles/applications/gmac-announces-major-change-gmat-exam/?utm_source=button_gmat&utm_medium=newsletter&utm_campaign=TopMBANewsletter10&dm_i=8GW,74F0,1AWN0M,HPRX,1

This article is very interesting. Is that right, my teacher? ;)

Honestly, at the time that Peter asked me to write the response writing this article, I thought that this writing might not interest my class-mates to comment on my writing because it seems a little bit boring. However, when I went into the article in U.S.news and World's report, which is exactly the same one that Peter lets me to read, I found that this article is very useful for most of us, espeacilly for people who about to apply for their next degree in the university. This article, "How to Get In: University of Virginia Darden school of business", is talking the same things with the name of article, but it's greater than other articles of "How to get in business school" because these information are come from the people who dicide whether they will accept the applicants, or not. That's why I really recommend all of you to read this article.




Anyway, this post is not talking about how can we get a good business school because what Peter assigned me is narrower. It's the problem that appear in most of University of Virginia Darden school of business's applicants, and more interesting because it also appears in our class. That problem is raised in the minute that the admission official said about their essay they got from the applicants "Essays should follow the directions and answer the question. You would be surprise how many times we recieve essays that do not answer our question at all" (2nd guindline). You will see that the official use the word at all. How's possible? How can someone able to answer the question by write something not relate with the topic at all? I've been thinking for this reason for many days. At last, I found that it must because the applicances (or we) do not clear the question enough to response to officer (or Peter), but we still try to answer the question, and that makes a terrible mistake to such respondents.




In conclusion, I'm not smart enough to advise all of you for the solution to solve this problem, but I believe that if we concentrate on the meaning or purpose of the question; in other word, if we pay more attantion to (Peter's) questions, this problem will not occur. The best way to solve this problem is brainstrom our ideas into this post so that we can find the best one, and in our last week, we are able to answer Peter's question directly, and make him happier. :))


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References
How to Get In: University of Virginia Darden school of business. (2010, July, 1). U.S. News and World's reports. Retrived 2010, July 14 from http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-business-schools/2010/07/01/how-to-get-in-university-of-virginia-darden-school-of-business.html

Tuesday 13 July 2010

Facebook and Russian

My classmates and I had lunch together on Monday. One of the topics that we were talking about is the social network. I thought it would make people relationship worse. For the reason, people decreasingly meet together, and text via social network may not completely express your feeling. However, I do not refuse that some occasions such as people live different country, help people keeping in touch. Anyway, when I saw Facebook as a part of title in the article from BBC News, I certainly chose this topic.

The article is about Facebook who drives data usage via mobile phone in Russia. Konstantin Rozhnov reports by giving a background of mobile user’s behavior which commonly use pre-pay – pay per use such as calling, text message and data usage. The reasons are most Russian’s lack of credit or debit and the business model in that period. Furthermore, the reporter tells about increasing of buying 3G phones which make people tend to use data transfer to surf the net, But pre-pay type is not right choice as pay per data transfer which is very expensive, the contract plan with unlimited using data is much better. Therefore, the mobile operators expect more contract customers and hope that Facebook, the social network will help.

Before I read the article, I expected that this article may be not relevant to my attention and I am right. It does not matter what the content is, because this is response writing. Anyway, in the article, I’m very surprise that many people in Russia are lack of credit or debit. It sounds like their economy is really not going very well from I thought. They used to be number one or two of leading in space projects. As you know, the space projects need a lot of money to support, so I think Russia economy should not be bad. Anyway, at least, I know a little bit more about Russia.
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References
Rozhnov, K. (2010, July 7). Facebook eyes mobile phones to drive Russian expansion. BBC News. Retrived July 13, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/10537073.stm

Work for death


People have to work to live. They can get money from their job. Nowadays, some people working too hard, and they don't have time to do any other things. This is one of the biggest problems in many countries. Working too hard can drive your life crazy.

According to this article, there are many hard workers who work all day without break, or work overtime in UK. They are obviously over working. They have to work very hard because of staff shortage and they have too much work to do. Overworking causes health problems. For example, working in the same position for a long periods at a time causes physical pain, like back pain which is one of the most common health problems for hard workers in UK
(¶. 2). Another example is that overworking causes stress. " Staff shortage and a heavy workload are the root of workers' anxiety" (¶. 2). Stress can be anxiety or depression.

People need money to live, so we need to work. People can die because of work, this is big problem in Japan too. Some people die from overwork. It is paradox because people work for living, but people die from work. Companies have to cope with this problem immediately, otherwise we will always have this problem.


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References
One in four 'works all day without break' - survey (2010, June9). BBC News. Retrieved July 13, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/10276677.stm

Veiled Disrespect?

As I hope you might have noticed, The New York Times has new articles on a wide array of subjects every day, from politics and business, to arts and entertainment. And in amongst the scandals, the gossip, the business reports and sporting thrills, it also has regular articles that directly address philosophical issues. It's probably no surprise then that "Veiled Threats?" by Martha Nussbaum made my reading list today. I didn't realise that Nussbaum, one of the greatest living philosophers, was the author until I'd finished reading it and decided to blog it because it was such a great piece of writing; had I noticed Nussbaum's name before I started reading, I would have expected her usual high standard both in critical thinking and clear writing.

In "Veiled Threats?" Nussbaum takes aim against an alarming trend to make up laws against the wearing of the burqa, that black cover-all for women that symbolizes Islam for many people, and which is generally loathed as  being symbolic of oppression, ignorance and the worst aspects of religious belief. As Nussbaum reminds us, some European countries have already banned the burqa, and others are trying to. As well as contrasting such laws with the constitutionally enshrined history of tolerance of the US, she also takes on and effectively rebuts the most common arguments in favour of such bans on this symbol of Islam.

I won't repeat Nussbaum's arguments against the usual arguments for banning the burqa, except to note that it reminded me of Stephen Law's equally strong arguments against the usual arguments for eating meat (2003). One thing that I liked about her article is that it shows again that philosophy is not some distant academic ivory tower of irrelevance, but that philosophy deals very directly with issues that matter very much to all of us: questions about moral right and wrong do, and should, matter to us; issues concerning religious freedom and freedom of expression do, and should, matter to us; debates on the truth and falsity of cherished beliefs do, and should, matter to us. It is in these sorts of areas that philosophy can make a valuable contribution to our understanding of what is involved in such questions, issues and debates, and so help us move forward, if not to a final, absolute answer, at least in the right direction.

I also like the fact that this is not a one off article. It is published in "The Stone" (http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/the-stone/ ), a regular section of The New York Times that publishes articles by leading philosophers on a range of topics of philosophical interest, from metaphysics, to epistemology, to aesthetics and ethics. There haven't been any on logic yet, but perhaps not a lot of even The NY Times's readers are likely to enjoy the symbolic formalizations of modern logic. But I haven't given up hope.

One thing I like about Nussbaum generally, but this article specifically, is that it makes clear the importance of taking a side, rather than adopting the too common practice of disrespectfully dismissing other people's most important beliefs as nothing more than cultural accidents or personal preferences. That sort of  easy and unchallenging "respect" for the opinions of others seems to me extremely disrespectful, since it says to people that you think their most valued ideas, ideals, traditions and moral values are so unimportant that they are not worth taking seriously in a real debate. In case you have not yet made the inference, I do not agree with the notion that other people's beliefs should not be taken seriously and judged true or false, right or wrong, according to the support for and against. Even worse is the idea sometimes heard that every belief, value, ideal or tradition is equally true or right for those who accept it. Again, that seems to me an extreme form of disrespect that effectively makes every belief, value, ideal and tradition equally worthless and nothing more than an accidental preference.

Whether Moslem women should be allowed to wear the burqa or not is a moral question, and one that Muslim women, and men, think matters a lot, and not just because it happens to be what they prefer due to an accident of birth. Equally, those who use moral arguments to ban it think it matters. Showing respect to such strongly felt beliefs requires taking both sides seriously and acknowledging that one side is right and the other side is wrong. And then trying to work out where the truth and justice really lie.

This grew and grew as I was writing it. And it isn't at all like the response I had in mind when I started. It's also a rushed job, so I welcome criticism pointing out weaknesses.
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References
Law, S. (2003). Carving the roast beast. In The Xmas Files: The Philosophy of Christmas, (pp. 124 - 140). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Nussbaum, M. (2010, July 11). Veiled threats? The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2010 from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/veiled-threats/?ref=global-home

Monday 12 July 2010

Revising Essays

As we have already noted on our discussions of the writing process, revision, which deals with content and structure, not grammar or vocabulary, can involve three different actions:

  • adding (ideas, examples, details, explanation, statistics or whatever is needed)
  • cutting
  • moving 
And all of these are likely to involve substantial changes to your text.

for example, Apple asked a good question after class today:
If you can't support an idea in your essay, what should you do?

Unfortunately, if you can't support an idea in your essay, you have to cut it. And writers often end up making that sort of decision. Something might sound like a good idea, worth including in your thesis statement, but when you search for the evidence, it might either be lacking or might support something very different to your first idea. And we don't want to state ideas that we cannot support. As a result, you might need to cut an entire paragraph, perhaps replacing it with a new idea that you can support. And that will likely mean you have to revise your thesis statement to reflect the idea that the body of your essay does support.

Of course, not all revisions will be this extreme, you might just want to give some more support for an idea, and once you find that support, one or two new sentences might be enough, although you might decide to make changes elsewhere to more smoothly fit the new support into you paragraph. Sometimes, all that might be needed is rewriting to make an idea clear, but what is unlikely is that changing a single word will be enough.

As well as Apple, a couple of people asked other, equally good questions this morning. By good I mean constructive questions that focus our attention on important issues about the ideas and organization in our writing. Since it would help everyone to share their ideas on such questions, I would suggest that if you have a question about revising your essay for Tuesday evening you write it up here, either as a comment below, or in a new post. 

What is the real?


For the very first time, this illusory motion suddenly captures my attention. Not only did it have a bizarre style of movement, it gave me a headache and dizziness which I had to blink my eyes a couple of time to get rid of the symptoms. While you are looking at it, the "snakes" are rotating, right? Now, I want you to hold your gaze steady on one of the black spot on the center of a snake. Is there a change happening? Does the motion begin to slow down or even stop? After reading the article that followed, I found it really interesting and intriguing. Surprisingly, the illusion is not a moving motion at all. It, on the other hand, is only a stationary picture which has no need of Flash Player's operation. How possible that the fact is true? This effect is called a false impression of our perception. Unquestionably, this is an obvious example to show how soundly realistic our eyes can be in order to trick us.

From Scientific American, the article is the first piece of a new Mind Matters series on the neuroscience of illusion edited by Jonah Lehrer. It presents the notion that "everything we experience is actually a figment of our imagination"(2010,¶2). The belief have been created by
neuroscientists who use an essential tool called "visual illusion". Presumably, the tool can ascertain "the dissociation between the physical reality and the subjective perception of an object or event"(2010,¶4) in human's perceiving. Despite the fact that "the real and the imagined share a physical source in the brain"(2010,¶2), dreams, delusions and failings of memory happen to us all the time. Often, we see something which are not there or believing in some details that do not actually exist. According to what visual illusions demonstrating, it can be assured that "the brain can fail to recreate the physical world"(2010,¶4).

After finish reading the article, I gain some useful insights as follows:

-Firstly, the information in the article reminds me Peter's response writing on Flashbulb memories (which this time I am 100% sure that my memory did not trick me). I think this is same kind of idea about our perception. Inevitably, it is always distorted and twisted in many forms. Some can be realized but some is far beyond our awareness. This can lead to many unexpected dangers.

-Second, related to the first one, perception can turn to be another kind of distraction. It can easily convince you that a red poisonous drink is a watermelon juice. According to a Buddha's teaching, being conscious in every step of life is the best preparation for this case, also. Therefore, we should have critical response on what we are experiencing and sometimes be cynical.

-Lastly, with all of my respect, I impressively appreciate Socrates' wisdom reflected by his quote “All I know is that I know nothing.” It make me wonder that the difference between the known and unknown is very subtle (actually, I began to doubt that "am I real?" too).

p.s. The link I provided also have a showcase of five illusions that probably amaze you. There are useful explanations about their function. Hope you enjoy diging deep how tricky your brain is.

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References

Martinez-Conde, S. & Macknik, S. (2008, May 28). The Neuroscience of Illusion. Scientific American. Retreived July 12,2010 from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-neuroscience-of-illusion

Sunday 11 July 2010

The science of Luck

Having read an article that my classmate posted, mentioning about inattentional blindness, I have been intrigued by that idea so that I have further conducted research. On the first article that I read is scoping on the accident caused by this behaviour. My story, however, focuses on luck in which Richard Wiseman is interested and I have found a very interesting research in which everyone can participate.

Please follow this link: http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php


PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO BEFORE READING BELLOW:


According to the research conducted by Deniel Simons and Christopher Chabris, appromcimately 50 percent of respondent did not give any notice of the gorilla stopping in the middle of the action. The reason that many of them miss it is because “[their] eyes only see in high resolution within two degrees of the focal point”. Therefore, “Distinctive and unusual objects do not automatically capture our attention”, Simons says. Wiseman is of the opinion that in regard of noticing hairy apes, neuroticism, which is an anxious, tense and stressed personality trait, is an important factor. Wiseman concludes that high levels of neuroticism causes people to be serious about their task at counting the number of basketball passes whereas people with low degree of neuroticism are more relaxed and emotionally stable. Therefore, “lucky people, Wiseman says, usually have lower levels of neuroticism” because “they are more laid-back and open to life’s possibilities”.

Presumably, everyone who reads the summary above has done the counting and I would appreciate if you could share your result with me in this post. Also, I posted this research is because I wish everyone to have fun and gain knowledge at the same time, which I hope I have achieved my purpose.

Concerning the science of luck I, however, think that in order to point out who is luckier than others, we need more supports and many factors are involved. Moreover, luck is difficult to define; for example, if I am consciously aware of the surrounding and see a pickpocket stealing a lady’s hand back, I try to stop. Unfortunately I am stabbed. Would Wiseman call me a lucky person ?

References

Sherood, B. (2010). The survivor club. The science of luck. New York: Grand central.

Simon, D. The University of Illinois. Viscog Productions. Retrieved July 11, 2010 from http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/flashmovie/15.php

In your childhood, how many times a week did you exercise?

__________

Did you exercise regularly when you were young (about 11-15)? Some people did not do any exercise at all, so they have a problem with increasing of their obesity levels, which could cause them to perceive their body in negative way and choose to do not exercise. However, does the obesity levels are really related to the amount we exercise each week?

According to the article “Link between inactivity and obesity queried” in BBC News’s website, researcher was trying to answer that whether a lack of exercise really affect on children’s weight. The result shows that it is other way around because getting fatter will negatively affect on children’s active and exercise. In addition, the experiment at the EarlyBird Diabetes Study, based at the Peninsula Medical School in Plymouth also indicated that there is no indication that more exercise will affect on the children’s weight, nevertheless overweighed children did less exercise than that of other children. Professor Terry Wilkin said that an hour of children’s daily exercise is not enough to reducing their weight. As a result, focusing on food seems to be more important than concentrating on exercise. However, physical activity is still important to help the children to lose the weight. Dr David Haslam from the National Obesity Forum said that it is better for children to focus on both exercise and nutrition.

I agree with this article that exercise is not really the way to help children to reduce their weight because you might need to exercise like professionals to receive an effective result. To illustrate, when I was about 14 years old, my weight is approximately 80 kilograms. Even if I often played soccer with my friend after school, it did not really help me to reduce my weight. However, my weight dropped rapidly after I join badminton team at RBSC sport club and practice five day a week for at three hour a day. Therefore, the amount that people normally exercise in fitness could only make you fit and firm. If you want to decrease your weight and you do not exercise a lot, it is better to focus on the food you eat.

References

Adam Brimelow, (July, 08 2010). Link between inactivity and obesity queried. BBC News. Retrieved from July, 10 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/10545542.stm

Saturday 10 July 2010

Books on the street


Black and white pictures always impact my attention, and again for this time. Two guys are looking some books at the sidewalk somewhere in New York. As you may see in many films that there often have some sidewalk bookstore scene are shot for background. Moreover, street booksellers could be the most important part for New Yorker as well as hotdog carts. It is a culture. In Stars of the Stalls, Simon Akam, a Fulbright shcolar who wonder which book are the most to be selling in this kind of store, he worked out for the result. So this post is related to book or literature that may not interesting for some people but for me I'm interested for this style of shop because the books in the secondhand shop are cheaper than when they are in formal bookstore. And when I scrolled down I found the list that make me surprised.

Akam S. gathered the data in four areas around New York that would tell the reading style and trend in that particular place. After several weeks in tally the information, the result back up his belief that "The Great Gatsby" , "The Grapes of Wrath" and 2 novels by Hernest Hemingway that they are all the top lists for every areas. But there are some strange on the list that the authors are neither American nor dead and that is really surprised me. The number one is "Atonement" by English author, Ian McEwan, "The Kite Runner" by Afghanian write, Khaled Hosseini and the third one is "Love in the time of Cholera" by the famous author Gabriel Garcia Marqez. For the list Akam S. still doubted that was it an honour for an author or was an insult for the author's reputation? So he need to find out whether the top lists were so much loved or worthless. For the new coming such as "Atonement" and "The Kite Runner" they had been made for a film, and Corey Eastwood, a bookseller, pointed out that "oftentimes a movie will kill the book" so when people had seen the movie they will sell the book. On the other hand, with classic novel, such as novel by Fitzgerald and Hemingway, Eastwood stated that because they are the most printed of English literature, and they often be read in school.

After reading , it remind me once when I was an university student, I used to be a music seller in used music shop. And the best selling list for that shop was totally different in the mainstream music stores. I think music shop or book shop, they might have something in common that which is most wanted list, it might be the oldie or "classic" thing.

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References
Akam, S. (2010). Stars of The Stalls . Intelligent Life. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/simon-akam/stars-stalls

Fuel Your Creativity


After reading Tum’s writing about creativity, it makes me interested to look for the journal in the newspaper that I have to write on today (Friday). If you know creativity can be taught, are you interested to learn?
For me, definitely yes no matter how hard it is. In Thailand, we have the TCDC (Thailand creative and design center) to be responsible for creative issue. Interestingly, nowadays, several corporations jump into the business like this that stimulates Thai people to think creatively.

In England, eleven years ago, the government, Blair, showed his new vision to put creativity in school as a fundamental aspect and teach pupils to make them creative, innovative and develop problem solving ability, since they was young. This program collaborates with partnership between schools and creative professionals including artists, performers, architects and scientists (¶. 3). However, lot of schools claim that students should focus on the schools’ curriculum and they classify this skill as a distraction that can make the school raking down and cause the lower of students’ grade. Indeed, it claims the very opposite that creativity boost exam results and attendance (¶. 3). Moreover, this programme can decrease absent rate in school as well, but it seems very difficult when the accountability measures that determine the success or failure of schools continue to emphasize short-term improvements in formal qualifications (¶. 4).

Lastly, when I was writing, I wondered that because I studied in relating field, architectural design, leading to the idea to give the first priority in creativity weather other people think creativity play a crucial role in our live or not. Creative thinking is related to positive, effective thinking skill and problem solving skill. We already know it can be learnt by practicing. If the practice makes perfect, can practice with creativity be the smart practice?

“Imagination is more important than knowledge” (Albert Einstein).
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References
Baker, M. (2009, May 23). Benefits of creative classrooms. BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/8064306.stm

Friday 9 July 2010

Drink and Drive


Nowad
ays, traffic accidents are big problems all over the world. I often see them in Thailand, actually almost everyday. One of the biggest cause of them is drink-driving. In Thailand, you can drive a car when you are drunk. All you have to do is just pay money to the policeman. I was shocked. My friends said there is a law for drink-driving, but it's not working. It's a big problem also.


According to this article, Russians are going to have a very serious law soon. Actually they have a law for drinking-driving, but it is not working well. More than 2,000 people were killed and around 18,000 people injured in traffic accidents attributed to drink-driving in last year (. 2). In Some countries like Russia, drivers were allowed to drink a glass, or they are allowed still now. Doctor Tatyana Yakovleva said " a driver with even the legal limit of blood alcohol was twice as likely to have a serious road accident, compared with an alcohol-free driver" (¶. 3).


There is a very serious law about drink-driving in Japan. Driving and drinking cannot go together. If you do this, you have to pay a penalty which is huge, and you lose your license. Even if you sit in the car that a drunk drives, you have to pay a penalty also. It doesn't matter you are drunk or not. The person who sold the drink to the driver have to pay it too.

Drink and drive must not go together. The best reason to solve the problem is setting a strict law. If we will be able to have a strict law about it all over the world, traffic accidents are going to decrease a lot, but if not, we will always have this problem.


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References
Russia set for drink-driving ban (2010, July 2). BBC News. Retrieved July 9, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/europe/10489048.stm

Decision can change by sense of touch.

When I go shopping, I usually ask the sellers to reduce their price. Surprisingly, I notice that when I buy the product in the same shop but different day, some day the seller reduce the price much more than another day. Moreover, my friend bought the same product from the same shop as I do, but she witness that the prices are not the same. Have you ever experience similar to this? If yes, would you like to know why?

The researcher, Joshua Ackerman, found that the objects which people were touching could affect them to change their decisions and judgments through testing people in the street. In one task, the researcher test with group of people who have to recruit a job candidate by separating people into two parts; one part was providing the resume paper with a heavy clipboard, and another part was providing that with a light clipboard. As the result, in the part of a heavy clipboard has more serious decision than those of a light clipboard. In addition, people who sat on a comfortable seat were more please to reduce their product's price than those who sat on a terrible seat.

After I read this research, I realize that our decisions are not only depend on our thinking but these are also depend on the surrounding environment which we touch. Next shopping time, it would be a good idea to notice the seller when I want to buy something, so I can get the lower price. On the other hand, If I set the seat of the customer, who will buy the product from me, comfortably, I might sell the product to them easily.
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References
Sense of touch influences our decisions (2010, July 4). NewScientist. Retrieved July 9, 2010 from http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727675.000-sense-of-touch-influences-our-decisions.html

"Front of the camera"

After I read classmate’s response writing, I realized that there is no topic related to an actor or actress gossip which I normally look at in Thai newspaper, so I pick up this one and write a response. The news I choose is “Lindsay Lohan's chequered life in the spotlight” from BBC News.

The important information of news is only Lindsay was punished for 90 days due to “probation violation, relating to a drugs charge dating back to 2007” (Ï€2), and the rest is about history of her career.

Actually, she is not my type, but she is pretty girl from my point of view, especially when I saw her on the movie Mean Girls and Herbie: Fully Loaded. Anyway, I feel sad for punishment to her. I do not mean she should not deserve that, but I think she should have a better life somehow. I wish she could turn over a new life. Anyway, the other things I like on this news is the sub topic “The latest chapter in Hollywood actress Lindsay Lohan's chequered life was, like many others, played out it front of the camera.” It reminds me the phase that the real life is more difficult or miserable than drama, and let me think that it is worth to be an actor or actress, but end up like that.
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References
Lindsay Lohan's chequered life in the spotlight (2010, July 7). BBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10536573.stm

Lord of the Flies essay, Step 2: getting ideas - Researching the Internet

Since it's one of the best known novels in English, frequently featuring on the high school syllabus along with Shakespeare, it is not surprising that there is a lot of material on Golding's Lord of the Flies available online. When we first discussed the essay in class last Friday, it was suggested that one research option was Google. I agreed then that that was not a bad idea, and I assumed that most of you would probably have a look online to see what others had thought about the novel and your chosen character's role in it; although doing that was certainly not essential, neither was it a bad idea. But as my email of a week ago suggested, there are potential dangers as well as benefits in using online sources.
Although not extremely difficult, it was a challenging question, so a full week seemed reasonable for our first serious essay. My main reason for limiting the question to the first four chapters of the novel was to push you to focus on practising such academic skills as thinking about and presenting solid, relevant evidence for your ideas, and effectively using and citing supporting sources. It was not a question you could expect to sit down and answer well in one afternoon.

Now that the first drafts are finished, what do you think are the pros and cons of using the Internet as a research tool to help with an answer to a question like the one we have been working on past past seven days? What are the very real potential benefits, and the equally real dangers to look out for?

Thursday 8 July 2010

What's in manga you've read?


First thing of this article that caught my eyes is the picture of japanese cartoon with japanese words on its top. I'm the person who is really love Japan. I mean everything such as culture, technology, design, manga, animation, and so on. That's why I want to read this article very much, and this article, Drucker in the dug-out, is not disappointed me. In additional, it's shine me the another way to get more information from what I've never thought before. Anyway, I'm pretty sure that all of you read my first article which is "Have you ever dreamt to play any music instrument in public?" already, so I want you to think while you read this article about my question because I think it might useful for you to get the idea before you read my conclusion in the last paragraph. My question is "What's the same between this article and street piano?"

This reading begins in the employee meeting room of The Zoff, one of the biggest glasses manufacturer firm in Japan. The boss advises his employee to read a manga in his hand with the title : “What if the Female Manager of a High-School Baseball Team read Drucker’s ‘Management’". After his employee's finished it, and they started treating colleagues and customers differently. At last, the profit of Zoff reised continuously. It's because the book that suggested by their boss is contained many of important points of the management strategies which create by Peter Drucker, one of the most famous management professor in Japan.

My purpose to pick this article and post it in Peter's blog is not because I want to suggest you to read this cartoon, advise you to find Drucker's writing, or talk about the succesful of Zoff, but I want to give you another case study of using creativity idea to create something new and usefull. According to the writer of this manga, he used cartoon for introduce Drucker's idea, but indifferent way. It's not the same with other who always used heavy text book for represent one's management strategy. How creativity he is! After this manga issued, sales for Drucker's original works is increased with extraordinary pace, and many corporations which read and adopt Drucker's theory can booste their benefit.

This one I've posted in the blog have the same main idea with the previous one I posted on last week which is "Have you ever dreamt to play any music instruments in public?". I just want you to know how's good if you can create something new, and how's it useful and being advantage for other, if you think out of the box. In my very last, may I remind you that please see the world in different way, and you will find a difference thing that you've never thought before. Moreover, don't hesitate to do it, if you have a great idea. Likes Nike's word "Just do it".

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References

Drucker in the dug-out. (2010, July 1). The Economist. Retrieved 2010, July 5 from http://www.economist.com/node/16481583?story_id=16481583

The Net Is Not Just For The Young


Thirteen years ago, when I went online for the first time, I still remembered how fascinating it was. Now Internet has become a part of our generations’ lives and those of Peter’s generation (I’m not being sarcastic). Apart from, doing businesses, searching for information, communicating with friends, it is also be used as a great source for entertainment. Anyway, what about the previous generations? Has your grandpa ever surfed Internet?

According to the article “The net is not just for the young” (2010) in BBC, May 21st was set up as Silver Surfers' Day in the UK since 2001. In this year, more than 1,500events were hold to introduce and encourage older people to use Internet. For elderly people, it is seen as a complicated and uninteresting thing. Therefore, those events was aimed to get them to be familiar with it by showing them how easy it was to use it to do things they like such as finding the songs they remember or sending old photo to families’ member.

As I was reading the article, I realized how selfish I was as I had never thought of introducing Internet to my elderly family members before. My 86-year-old grandma may be a little too old, but who know she might enjoy it and never feel lonely again. Also, my 69-year-old dad and 58-year-old mom can use some of their free time entertaining themselves listening to their favorite kinds of music or chatting to their friends and never complain me for spending a lot of time on Internet again. Although it might take time to get them used to new technologies, I think it is a good idea to try as I also agree with Book (2010) that it is never too old to learn.


References

Book. (2010, July 7). Never too old to learn. Class Blog - AEP at AUA. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from
http://peteraep.blogspot.com/2010/07/never-too-old-to-learn.html

The net is not just for the young (2010, May 19). BBC News. Retrieved July 7, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10126880.stm

Arising from Reflections on Petch's post on TOEFL

Most of my reasoning for the suggestion below is in the series of comments I just left on Petch's latest post (2010),  where I did exactly what I am now going to suggest that you do in future:

  • make at least two comments here at least once every day.
    But popping by twice is probably about twice as good. 
  • decide what you want to say, and then
  • write for at least five minutes without stopping.
    State your idea, and then continue. It doesn't matter if you drift around a bit, but write more than one short, informal sentence. 
  • if possible, get into an argument and pursue it
And that is pretty much what I did. I read Petch's post. Had an idea. Wrote it down, and then continued following it up without stopping.
After I stopped, I had another idea, so wrote that one down in a very short, informal comment.
And that led to another idea, and another comment at greater length.
And then yet another short one about something else that occurred to me.

For more information, follow the reference to my source below. Petch has written another thought provoking post, though perhaps not as controversial as the one on polyamory.
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References
Petch. (2010, July 8). The art of failure. Class Blog - AEP at AUA. Retrieved July 8, 2010 from http://peteraep.blogspot.com/2010/07/art-of-failure.html

The Art of Failure



At the beginning of November last year, I was confronted by a major disappointment. This story is related to my first TOEFL exam, for which I had prepared for more than six months. I am still able to feel the sensation of nervousness, pressure and stress on that day and because of these feelings, I received a very bad mark. At first, it did not occur to me that my disappointment would teach me a valuable lesson. Since then, however, I have attempted to rationalise why I received such a terrible mark. Even though I am generally quite optimistic, I started to ask myself some negative questions. Fortunately, I came across an article by Malcom Gladwell named Why some people choke and others panic and it provided the answer for which I was looking.

Gladwell claims that there are two kinds of reactions to pressure and stress. Firstly, to explain what choking is, he cites om Daniel Willingham, a psychologist at the University of Virginia, who compares the two different learning systems, "explicit and implicit learning". Explicit learning happens when people learn new things consciously while implicit learning occurs when they do what they have learnt without thinking. Willingham says:“Under conditions of stress, however, the explicit system sometimes takes over. That's what it means to choke.”Secondly, panicking, which is at times called “perceptual narrowing”, takes control of people by making them concentrate and obsess on only the task in hand. Gladwell, therefore, concludes that panic, in this sense, is the opposite of choking. Choking is about thinking too much; Panic is about thinking too little. Choking is about loss of instinct; Panic is reversion to instinct. Besides, Gladwell points out that in certain situations, being choked is more beneficial than being panicked. When it comes to succeeding on a standardised test, should students focus on their result, they will lose the intuitions that help them. In other words, they will think too much, which means they are reverting to the explicit mode, according to the article. Gladwell reaches paradoxical conclusion that “sometimes a poor test score is the sign not of a poor student but of a good one”.

Having leant the distinction between "choking" and "panicking", I have the explanation for my disappointing TOEFL result. Although Gladwell does not describe how to switch from “choking” to “panicking” and vice versa, I am of the opinion that meditation can prevent the unnecessary stress and pressure that I experience in some situations because it allows me to calm myself. This will enable me to think clearly and make judicious decisions under any circumstances. Moreover, I could avoid being worried about possible outcomes by leaving my predicament in the laps of the gods, but I ought to focus on the task in hand and do my best. Besides, I believe that if I work harder and practise meditation every day, it will become second nature, or because, as the saying goes "practice makes perfect". No matter how difficult the challenge, I will be able to surmount it. I have realised that not only do I have the explanation for my problems, but also I have learnt that not being either “choked or “panicked” is the best solution for any tasks that I have to perform under pressure.


References

Gladwell, M. (2009) Why some people choke and others panic. What the Dog saw. New York: Penguin

Wednesday 7 July 2010

Spies being spied

When it comes to the attraction of spy movies as James Bond film series, no one can ignore the awesome scenes of highly advanced espionage technology the spy employed. With those modern gadgets and effective communication , no matter how risky crime he did, authorities and police could never catch him up. Are they real or fictional? How possible that idealized plot can actually happen in reality? I have always doubted that for a long time? After reading the article "The tech refresher Russia's spies needed" from Newscientist, I got my answer and learn the lesson of how to be a smart spy.

According to the article, FBI charged 1o people to be suspects of being deep-cover spying for Russia. They are found to conceal their messages by using a technique named "steganography"
to hide the messages inside online pictures. Wojciech Mazurczyk, of the network security group at Warsaw University of Technology in Poland, suggested that the kind of technology is quite out of date and attaches many drawbacks. Because a picture can contain merely small amount of data, they have to send a lot of pictures to communicate a decent amount of information. Worse than that, the pictures will appear on email server between source and destination which leave a trial easy to detect. However, the technology was not the real lead of this arrest. The FBI finally found "100 pictures and readable text in them"(2010,¶5) since "the instructions for opening the program ("press ctrl, alt and e") and the 27-character password it required were left on a notepad in a suspect's New Jersey home" (2010,¶6).


One very essential thing I learnt from the story is that we have to also pay much attention to how to cover our traces. Everyone can do anything. But, few people can keep what they are engaging in silence without other people's perception. This qualification should be a top priority in a job description of this occupation, haven't it? How possible that an agent can not well handle with being snooped. Although effective technologies can support missions to success, I think, the most significant factor is the potential of person's management. Using old-fashioned Morse-code signals can be an operative strategy unless you leave the note of its decryption in your drawer or under the pillow.


Since it's hard to keep a secret in the world, being a spy requires no room for negligence and less awareness. Every minute of your actions always counts. I believe many of them are out there in places that we daily see. Look around yourself, they may be your neighbours, people whom you are familiar with ,or incredulously your love ones.

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References

Marks, P.(2010, July 06). Innovation: The tech refresher Russia's spies needed. NewScientist. Retreived July 07,2010 from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19131-innovation-the-tech-refresher-russias-spies-needed.html

“Never too old to learn”

Time is always moving fast, but you never know, and it is too late to know that you are already old, so it does not surprise me that the article “Never too old to learn” reported by The Economist, catches me, and support me to think that we are never old to learn. However, after reading, the article tells something different, but it is also interesting anyway.

In the article, a survey by Mannaz, a management-development firm shows the number of older executives who are more than fifty five years old, attend the corporate training, is rapidly decreasingly. The reason is not related to the age discrimination, but it is about they are not interested in or satisfied their need, and they prefer self-learning. In addition to the context, there is an interesting phase call “LIFELONG learning” that I will leave it there at the moment because it is not relevant what I am writing the response, but I will find out the meaning later on.

Surprisingly, this is another example that the title is not relevant to the main idea as we discussed in the class. By the way, I’m curious about why a person is more fifty five years old has to study something, especially for a person who has steady occupation. They should retire. The reason may be a kind of western culture. I also think how the teacher looks like, and how old they are because teacher is normally older than student, or has more experience, so I am afraid of heart attack during to study period. However, from my point of view, the key fact of learning is not what age you are, but it is your attitude never give up.
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References

Never too old to learn (2010, May 12). The Economist. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from http://www.economist.com/node/16036092

Tuesday 6 July 2010

If you feel you have been excluded from the Bible, please write your way back into it.

After reading posts form the blogs, I was introduced a new word “atheist” that, doubtlessly, it means someone who believes that God or gods do not exist (Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary), but I was still wondering why someone choose to be an atheist. Perhaps, religions are based on the supernatural beings and there are no reliable evidences for god or even Jesus and The Lord of Buddha. Are they only fictional characters? If someone reclaim the religious documents, it would be sacred or not.

From an exhibition, next to the copy of the Bible at the Gallery of Modern Art (Goma) in Glasgow is a container of pens and a notice, which says: 'If you feel you have been excluded from the Bible, please write your way back into it.' The exhibition stimulates people to write in a Bible as one’s preferences with the aim of reclaiming the Bible as a sacred text. However, its pages have been written by lot of offensive words in which are not the point of works ,but it was an open gesture. As the result, the idea was separated into three groups. First, some artists do not mind doing this because people have a right to do something like this and it is the cutting-edge of contemporary art. On the other hand, a lot of people strongly oppose this idea. They say that we would discourage anyone from defacing the Bible and it should not be used like that. Someone stays in the middle by holding the idea that writing on the Bible does not change the truth.

After reading this article, I realized that it is a provocative aspect based on personal faith, but is it permissible to comment offensively on religion. If religions were able to be examined and critiqued, religious claims would be reasonable and avoid any ongoing blames. On the contrary, if we maintain a religious believe is vague and disapproval, we should have a right to critic. Consequently, religious person has a right to show amendment not keeps quiet. Religions should not be a privileged class because they should be close to our lives. Criticism may be a good way to reclaim and reconsider the religious beliefs as someone said that we need to “break the spell”.

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References
Fury as art exhibition encourages visitors to deface the Bible, (2009, July 23). Daily Mail. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1201568/Art-exhibition-encourages-visitors-deface-Bible.html

Do you arrange your bed every morning?

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Most of the people, including myself, have to arrange their beds to look neat after they wake up every morning. On the other hand, some people might feel lazy in the morning and do not tidy their beds. When I saw the title “Untidy beds may keep us healthy” in BBC news’ website, I was completely surprise, so I immediately picked this topic.

According to this article, scientists found from the research that unmade beds do not attract house dust miles which could cause asthma and other allergies. Using a computer model and testing how daily routine could affect mite populations in the beds, they discovered that the house dust miles will not be able to survive in the warm and dry condition, which normally found in untidy beds. In addition, Dr. Pretlove stated that this finding would help building designers to create environment for people’s home to avoid the mites and help people to have healthy lives.

After I read the article, I think it is very interesting because the research result is completely opposite from other people’s belief that untidy bed would appeal to the mites. For instance, my mother believe that failing to make her bed could create dirty environment in her bed room, so keeping the bed tidy would help her to have health life. However, I do not sure whether this result is useful for Thai people because the experiment in the article took place at the United Kingdom. Therefore, difference in temperature between Thailand and United Kingdom might change the result to be opposite around.

References

Untidy beds may keep us healthy, (2010, July 5). BBC NEWS. Retrieved July 6, 2010 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4181629.stm